|
Ecotourism in Jordan has grown tremendously due to environmental pressures and the demand for jobs outside of the cities, especially since the establishment of the Dana Biosphere in 1993, the first biosphere reserve.〔Sullivan, Kathy "Jordan's Natural Bounty Becomes a Boon for Locals and Tourists." USAID. Nov.-Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014 The early history of ecotourism in Jordan is attributed to His Majesty, the late King Hussein who was behind the creation of the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, created in 1966, which protects and manages the natural resources of Jordan.〔"Eco-tourism for Conservation." Wild Jordan. Web. 26 Mar. 2014 #Respect the culture and the traditions of the local community #Purchase local products #Use energy conservation practices #Follow directions and rules of the reserves #Use water conservation practices #Do not use natural water resources as they may not be clean #Do not hike alone in the dark 〔(【引用サイトリンク】first1=Abeer )〕 The booklet also encourages tourists to become members of the RSCN, providing them with a membership form.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/RSCN/GettingInvolved/Overview/tabid/131/Default.aspx )〕 A person can become a regular member with several benefits or can “adopt” an animal by paying a fee which provides some benefits such as a “parent” certificate and free entry to the reserve to visit the adopted animal.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rscn.org.jo/orgsite/RSCN/GettingInvolved/Membership/tabid/285/Default.aspx )〕 Jordan uses tourism as a tool for conservation. By promoting tourism throughout the country, business owners and hoteliers contribute to conserving Jordan's landscape. The ecotourism scheme has provided job opportunities and a market for local products, bringing much needed economic stability to some of Jordan's poorest rural communities. In addition to small NGOs and other organizations, The Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature and USAID are largely responsible for the increase in ecotourism in Jordan. In 2003, a branch of the RSCN, Wild Jordan, was established to manage social economic development and eco-tourism activities in all RSCN protected areas.〔"Eco-tourism for Conservation." Wild Jordan. Web. 26 Mar. 2014 Eco-tourism has generated tremendous revenue for the country and the rural communities in the nature reserves. The RSCN has a 100% local employment policy in all their protected areas, resulting in eco-tourism directly supporting around 160,000 families throughout Jordan. According to USAID, in the Dana community, over 85 jobs were directly created, helping around 800 people.〔Sullivan, Kathy "Jordan's Natural Bounty Becomes a Boon for Locals and Tourists." USAID. Nov.-Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014 Through income-generating projects with eco-tourism, communities living around nature reserves earned JD1.6million in 2012, which is roughly USD2.3million. RSCN annual report also showed that eco-tourism revenue was up 10% in 2012 from the year before, jumping from JD831,336 to JD916,141.〔Namrouqa, Hana. "Local Communities Earn JD1.6 million from Income Generating Projects in 2012." The Jordan Times. N.p., Jun 2013. Web.26 Mar. 2014. There is huge potential for this industry, which could generate around 50,000 jobs in a decade through environmental conservation. This would equate to about JD1.3 billion, equal to about USD2.1 billion.〔"Green Economy". United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). PDF. Retrieved 29 Apr 2014 It is the local communities' involvement in these nature reserves that makes eco-tourism a success. The local communities contribute to eco-tourism by leading tours and hikes, working in the lodges and restaurants, transporting people and resources, and other various jobs. Manual labor is used more than machines, providing a smaller impact on the environment and more jobs.〔Sullivan, Kathy "Jordan's Natural Bounty Becomes a Boon for Locals and Tourists." USAID. Nov.-Dec. 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2014 However, despite the economic benefits, eco-tourism is not without controversy. Eco-tourism projects, especially in the beginning, are not always as environmentally-conscious as possible. For example, in the Wadi Rum nature reserve, the sudden increase in tourism was accompanied by increased roads, electrical lines, hotels, and litter. Although the development helped improve the Wadi Rum Village of Bedouins by bringing them more reliable water and electricity, decisions regarding the fate of Wadi Rum often disregarded local opinions. For example, plans were created to move the village further away and make the existing village into a tourist site without consulting the Rum community.〔Brand, Laurie A. "Development in Wadi Rum? State Bureaucracy, External Funders, and Civil" International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4. pp. 571-590. Nov. 2001.〕 Despite efforts, there are still environmental problems within the reserves. Threats include woodcutting, overgrazing, and hunting, but these threats have significantly decreased in the past decades.〔"Dana Biosphere Reserve in Jordan is an Eco-tourism Oasis in the Desert". Global Environmental Facility. Feb. 2012. Web. 29 April 2014. ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ecotourism in Jordan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|